Biodegradable plastics are designed to decompose more quickly than traditional plastics, reducing their environmental impact. These plastics can break down in various environments, including soil, water, and compost. In this article, we will explore three practical examples of how biodegradable plastics break down in the environment, highlighting their context and real-world applications.
In agriculture, biodegradable mulch films are often used to cover soil and improve crop yields. These films help retain moisture, suppress weeds, and regulate soil temperature. The context for this use case is farms that seek to enhance productivity while minimizing plastic waste.
When exposed to sunlight, moisture, and soil microorganisms, biodegradable mulch films begin to break down into natural substances. Within a few months after the harvest, these films can disintegrate completely, leaving no harmful residues. Research shows that under optimal conditions, they can break down in as little as 90 days.
The food industry has increasingly adopted biodegradable plastics for packaging to reduce waste and environmental impact. This is particularly relevant for single-use items like takeout containers and cutlery, which contribute significantly to plastic pollution.
Biodegradable food packaging is designed to break down in industrial composting facilities. Under controlled conditions—such as elevated temperatures and humidity—these materials can decompose within 90 to 180 days. The process involves microorganisms consuming the plastic, converting it into carbon dioxide, water, and biomass.
Biodegradable plastic bags are increasingly being used as an alternative to traditional plastic bags in retail settings. These bags are often made from plant-based materials or biodegradable polymers, aiming to reduce litter and environmental harm.
When disposed of in a composting environment or a landfill that supports anaerobic decomposition, these bags can break down in about six months to two years. In this process, they are degraded by microorganisms, leading to the production of compost-rich soil. However, in marine environments, the breakdown process can take longer due to lower temperatures and reduced microbial activity.
Understanding these examples of how biodegradable plastics break down in the environment highlights their potential benefits and limitations in promoting sustainability. As consumers, we can make informed choices about the products we use, supporting a healthier planet.